Debt collectors: what they can and cannot do
A debt does not remove your rights: intimidating or pressuring a debtor is against the law. We explain what collectors cannot do, what they can, and where to complain.
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Owing money does not strip you of your rights. Harassing a debtor to force payment is a criminal offence. It is set out in section 40 of the Administration of Justice Act 1970.
What debt collectors must NOT do
They must not press you with demands that, by their frequency or manner, are calculated to cause you or your family alarm, distress or humiliation. They must not falsely claim that criminal proceedings follow non-payment, or pose as an official body (a court, bailiff or the police) when they are not.
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What they CAN do
Contact you about the debt, ask for payment, pass it to a collection agency, and ultimately go to the county court for a judgment (a CCJ). Regulated collectors must treat you fairly under the financial regulator's (FCA) rules.
What to do
- Keep a record of calls and letters (date, time, content).
- Ask them to communicate in writing only.
- If the debt is wrong, dispute it.
- For harassment, complain to the firm, the financial regulator/ombudsman, Trading Standards, and for threats, the police.
- For free debt help, contact StepChange, National Debtline or Citizens Advice.
Don't ignore a debt — it won't vanish; but harassment is unlawful regardless. Debts also have a time limit — check that separately for your situation.
Source: section 40 of the Administration of Justice Act 1970. Checked 26 October 2026.
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